Bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) has been commercially approved by the Food and Drug Administration for use in bone defects and diseases.BMP-2 promotes osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells.In bone tissue engineering, BMP-2 incorporated into scaffolds can be used for stimulating bone regeneration in organoid construction, drug testing platforms, radio birdman tshirt and bone transplants.However, the high dosage and uncontrollable release rate of BMP-2 challenge its clinical application, mainly due to the short circulation half-life of BMP-2, microbial contamination in bone extracellular matrix hydrogel, and the delivery method.Moreover, in clinical translation, the requirement of high doses of BMP-2 for efficacy poses challenges in cost and safety.
Based on these, novel strategies should ensure that BMP-2 is delivered precisely to the desired location within the body, regulating the timing of BMP-2 release to coincide with the bone healing process, as well as release BMP-2 in a controlled manner to optimize its therapeutic effect and minimize side effects.This review highlights improvements in bone tissue engineering applying spatiotemporal and controlled BMP-2 delivery, including molecular engineering, biomaterial modification, and synergistic therapy, guerlain ideal cologne aiming to provide references for future research and clinical trials.